Preventing Genocide

Last week, communities around the world observed World Refugee Day in order to draw attention to the plight of the 42 million refugees today who have been forced to flee their homes because of conflict, persecution, or natural disasters. Among the most vulnerable populations in the world, refugees often lack access to clean water, food, sanitation, shelter, and health care.

Although conflicts and disasters have uprooted people throughout human history, the legal definition of a "refugee" developed relatively recently in response to the Holocaust.

During World War II, the Nazis deported between seven and nine million people, mostly Jews, to concentration camps across Europe. Within months of Germany's surrender in May 1945, some six million displaced persons were repatriated, although between one and a half million and two million DPs refused repatriation because of the destruction of their communities and postwar antisemitism.

In response, the United Nations established a new legal definition of a "refugee" and outlined new protections to which they are entitled. The 1951 Convention on Refugees defined a refugee as someone who:

"...owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it."

The 1951 document limited the definition of a refugee to those displaced in Europe before 1951. An additional protocol in 1967 removed both the time and location limitations. Today, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates there are 42 million refugees and displaced people in the world today.

Access more than 50 different interviews, discussions, and other materials related to how refugees are affected by genocide today. Visit our speaker series and filter results by the theme "refugee".

In May, award-winning filmmaker Anne Aghion discussed her documentaries about Rwanda with Bridget Conley-Zilkic in an episode of the Museum's Voices on Genocide Prevention podcast series. Aghion described the three short films and one feature-length film she has produced and directed on the community-based justice process in Rwanda called gacaca. Her films present an intimate view of how Rwandans are living together after the genocide.

Now, Washingtonians have the opportunity to meet Aghion and view her film My Neighbor My Killer at the SilverDocs Film Festival on June 16th and 19th.

Gregory Gordon helped to prosecute the landmark "media" cases in Rwanda -- where hate speech, broadcast over the radio, was directly linked to the genocide of the Tutsi people. Gordon believes that the lesson learned in Rwanda could be applied to Iran and elsewhere, to prevent these incitement tactics from taking hold.

Here, Gordon discusses the power of words with Aleisa Fishman in the Museum's Voices on Antisemitism Podcast Series.

"We don't want another genocide to take place. And I think from a truth-telling perspective, one of the important aspects of what the international criminal tribunals are doing is to make a record of what happened, so that future generations can study it. And when we see these red flags going up, when we see these warning signs, we have to act."

Gordon is Director of the Center for Human Rights and Genocide Studies and Assistant Professor at the School of Law, University of North Dakota.